The UK Pension System: Overview of Changes

The UK Pension System: Overview of Changes The point of this article is to play out an examination of the UK benefits framework, understanding its establishment and working. The center is to survey the announcement the UK annuity articulation is lethally defective and necessitates that we roll out crucial improvements in the manner we put something aside for mature age, by alluding to the Pension Commission Reports, and the relative recommendations that have been made as of late. The article gives a prologue to the benefits framework, before handling the issues that make the framework problematic and defective. Nitty gritty examination of the reports, including the Pension Act 2007 and 2008, are utilized as proof of different issues with the present arrangement, and the proposition are decided to check whether they will give the fundamental changes to improve the framework in the coming years. The conventional comprehension of the term annuity is the plan by which individuals who are no longer in work are given a type of pay. It can likewise be considered as a type of investment funds, in which one collects assets with no charges, to use later as retirement pay (Blake, 2006). The central contrast among benefits and a severance bundle is that the previous is paid in normal portions, while the last is paid as singular amount at the hour of takeoff from work, or presently. Where annuities are conceded at the hour of retirement from the workforce, they are alluded to as retirement plans or superannuation. The adaptability of the retirement plan is that it tends to be set up by managers, insurance agencies, government or worker's organizations, to provide food for the requirements of the workforce upon its exit from work because of arriving at the development age that is pre-chosen as the point to move out. This is typically at 60 years, albeit late changes have pushed it to 65 years (Blake, 2006). Annuity is alluded by various names in various nations; the Americans consider it a retirement plan, in Australia it is known as superannuation, and in the UK it is viewed as benefits conspire (Blake, 1997). Kinds of Pensions So as to investigate the benefits framework impartially considering the reports, it is essential to comprehend the various sorts of annuities. There are three regular sorts of annuity practically speaking the world over (Blake, 2006). These are: Business based benefits: Often viewed as a conceded type of remuneration, this is principally a course of action between the business and representative, planned for giving a consistent pay to the worker once they are no longer in work because of arriving at development or retirement age. Both business and worker make normal commitments to this store during the time of business. Social/State annuities: These are reserves made by national governments to serve their residents and occupants. Commitments into these assets are made by the nationals of the nation all through their working life, and the advantages they wind up accepting after retirement depend on the commitment history. Two known instances of this kind of benefits are National Insurance (NI) in the UK and Social Security in the United States (US). Incapacity benefits: An increasingly specific type of annuity that is intended to give a normal installment if the part endures a handicap. At times, social annuities contain an inability proviso which guarantees an ordinary salary to people should they need to resign sooner than typical, in case of some handicap. Assurance of Benefits Annuity or retirement plans can be arranged into two fundamental sorts, based on the advantages that they give: characterized advantage designs and characterized commitment plans. The characterized advantage plans follow a customary set recipe for computing the advantages that a part will get after retirement. It considers the people pay and long stretches of business (Blake, 2006). There are fluctuations in the pay level taken; a few plans take a normal of the pay over the time of business, others accept the last pay as the deciding worth. The characterized advantage designs additionally have an arrangement for early retirement; this permits managers to relinquish laborers who are near the retirement age by offering supplemental advantages to the payout that will got. These advantages are paid till the hour of genuine retirement age being reached. The advantage for managers is that they can recruit more youthful laborers at lower pay to deal with the outstanding burden. Characterized advantage plans are made out of unfunded and subsidized plans. In unfunded plans, there no advantages put in a safe spot and the advantages are paid out through the laborers commitments and assessments. Subsidized plans use venture vehicles to put assets in, right now. Advantages are paid out of the arrival on venture that is made later on. Notwithstanding, since the arrival isn't known, the degree of advantages that will be given out is likewise muddled (Blake, 2006). The characterized commitment plans give an installment at retirement dependent on the commitment made by the part during the hour of work. The commitments are kept up in a people account, with the sum being put resources into a store or the financial exchange. Returns produced using the speculation are attributed back to the individual (Blake, 2006). The dangers of the speculation made are endorsed by the person, with no duty held by either the business or the support. Be that as it may, the executives of the store choosing the venture choices are considered capable in a specific way to guarantee responsibility. Furthermore, characterized commitment plans permit laborers to choose the sum that they wish to normally add to their retirement bundle, notwithstanding the commitment made by the business. Annuities in the UK The UK Pension Provision can be partitioned into three principle classes: state annuities, word related benefits, and individual or individual benefits. The states primary point is to guarantee some type of fundamental benefits arrangement as a deterrent measure against destitution in mature age. The retirement age as of now remains at 60, however is under designs to be raised to 65, and be evened out for people (Blake, 2003; DWP, 2009). The UK state benefits goes back to the mid 1900s, when it was presented as Old Age Pension. The passing age at the ideal opportunity for accepting this advantage was 70, and there was implies test that should have been cleared preceding any installments being discharged (Blake, 2003). The state benefits is comprised of three components: fundamental state annuity (BSP), extra benefits and benefits credit.BSP is otherwise called state retirement annuity (SRP), and is a commitment based arrangement. The advantage that an individual gets depends on their NI commitment history (Budd Campbell, 2000). Extra benefits identifies with plans that the administration acquainted with give additional arrangement to the nationals, notwithstanding BSP. This incorporates the graduated retirement advantage, state profit related annuity plot (SERPS) and state second benefits (S2P). The graduated retirement advantage finished in 1975 and the SERPS was stopped in 2002. The current S2P follows the essential standards presented by SERPS, by considering the people NI commitments and giving advantages where income are underneath the low level recognized by the state. The extra annuity plans are intentional and people can quit making commitments to it. Annuity credit was presented in 2003 a nd is a methods tried advantage that expects to lift a greater part of resigned individuals out of neediness. The advantage is paid after the individual arrives at the age of 60, and their salary from investment funds is beneath a specific level. Those with some type of investment funds doubly advantage when they arrive at the age of 65, with a second arrangement of the plan kicking in, known as Savings Credit (Blake, 2003). The word related annuities are controlled by businesses to give advantages to their representatives after they resign. These can be characterized advantage or characterized commitment plans run by the businesses, or an orchestrated outsider. Ordinarily, the UK word related plans are together supported by both manager and worker, where representatives contribute around 6% of their gross compensation into reserves that put into value, and give an arrival of that speculation to the people represent the future (Budd Campbell, 2000). The third class of UK Pension Provision is close to home benefits. This is when people make course of action with a supplier like an insurance agency, to make standard commitments in a plan, like word related annuities (Blake, 2003). Like different plans, the commitments are made by the person all through their working life, with advantages of annuity being discharged after retirement. The procedure of these advantages being discharged can shift; at times, the supplier buys a benefits plan earlier or at retirement for the person. Difficulties to Pensions The most significant test looked by most countries, including the UK, is the maturing of the populace. With birth-rates easing back down and future expanding, a bigger level of the populace is older. This implies the proportion of laborers to retirees is developing, which means there are less people every year acquiring and adding to the benefits framework, while there are more recipients being enrolled every year. The present framework is typically alluded to as pay more only as costs arise (PAYG), taking into account how it is supported and used (Blake, 2003). This test is more enthusiastically to deliver with people trying to search for choices to guarantee a superior way of life after retirement for themselves, than the master plan of a country with an enormous bit of retirees falling underneath the destitution level. Another test confronted is the decrease in speculation into private benefits. Bosses have cut the commitments they had been making as a reaction to the present business atmosphere (Budd Campbell, 2000). This implies the sum accessible or due to be accessible for retirees later on will be lesser than initi

Education in Australia Reforms World Economies

Question: Portray about the Education in Australia Reforms for World Economies. Answer: Presentation Instruction is an important prerequisite for all people in every single world economy. Proficiency levels decide the degree of financial development of economies. The evaluation done globally shows that a portion of the economies spend almost no per understudy and still gets superior outcomes. Then again, a few economies like Australia spends more, however execution continues falling. This has made a debate on which is the best strategy for subsidizing (I.e. should the spending be low or high?). Nations that have high proficiency level have been seen to be more beneficial than those with instruction framework being immature. Numerous difficulties are confronting the procurement of instruction in many economies. One of these difficulties is that of low pay among family units. A few guardians attributable to the low-salary levels can't take their youngsters to better schools, or more awful still to even those whos the encouraging practice isn't steady. A few territories are immature wi th the end goal that there is no close by school; youngsters are along these lines compelled to walk significant distances to approach schools. Inferable from these difficulties, Australia has strived to limit the impacts of these difficulties by presenting different changes. In March 2016, at Canberra, there was a University Australia Summit where Mr. Simon Birmingham the training clergyman noticed that advanced education in Australia was in critical requirement for reforms.Some of these changes previously embraced will be talked about in this paper, and furthermore others that have been proposed. The global position of Australian proficiency, perusing, science and arithmetic have been recorded low in the present years. Deregulation of Fees The deregulation of expenses was declared by the Australian government in 2014s financial plan. Understudies are continually battling for reasonable high training expenses, they don't effectively permit the legislature to push the charges up as a type of moving a greater expense share from the general population to the understudies pocket. Mr. Ariel Zohar, the leader of University Student Union (RUSU) Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), contended that the present financing model is eminent all around and that, it is a reasonable framework to both the citizens and the understudies (Burke, 2016). The contention of Mr. Birmingham is that the changes would bolster advancement and guarantee the manageability of the government financial plan. The present extent of the charges that the administration pays to encourage advanced education is 60 %, understudies just compensation 40 % of the all out expenses by methods for FEE HELP credits. The battles against expense deregulations in Australia are dynamic. Understudies and a few heads see this as insufficient financing towards advanced education. Birmingham noticed that the subsidizing framework in Australia required changes as it was not great (Knott, 2015). Ms. Colee cautioned that the dissent would proceed if further monetary weight were moved to the understudies. At present, understudies are additionally worried about the nature of their training. As indicated by Dr. Dow (2016), the advanced education part drastically updated by the mix of measures presented by the 2014-15 financial plan. There was a recommendation by the alliance government to deregulate the spots arrangement by permitting suppliers of non-colleges (incorporates; Technical and Further Education Colleges and private suppliers) to get to places bolstered by Commonwealth. Own uncapped costs will be set by the advanced education suppliers as the recommendation expects to permit them to do as such. Through the deregulation of charges, the legislature will have the option to help more places for advanced education. The deregulation was anyway deferred from occurring in 2016 (Moodie, 2016). It was required to be executed in 2017 as supported by Yaxley (2016). Improving the Quality of Education Reforms The legislature has dedicated some tremendous totals of cash to help the improvement of the nature of training. The understudy accomplishment plan was on a careful spending plan of $ 73.6 billion planned for advancing greatness in schools. In extra to this, the Turnbull government has an arranged future changes which include tying up some $ 1.2 billion on a need-based supports dispersion and changes in schools (Turnbull and Birmingham, 2016). This is relied upon to impart trust in guardians that their youngsters are getting the instruction that they have the right to get. The subsidizing of schools is focused to develop every year as the expense of conveying instruction rises. The activity that this subsidizing will be attached to is that of proof based where the outcomes and execution of the understudies is relied upon to improve. Be that as it may, high loaning has been addressed by numerous scientists through the worldwide appraisal. Contrasted with Australia, the spending of Korea and Poland per understudy is low, yet at the same time, they beat Australia in execution. In addition, nations like the United States, Norway, and Sweden spends more, yet the instruction execution is low (Turnbull and Birmingham, 2016). This represents a test for the strategy creators to recognize the explanation for this reverse connection among spending and the presentation level. A more noteworthy degree of financing schools may not accomplish the expected goals if the assets are not assigned to regions that will improve execution. The additional subsidizing ought to be utilized to address generational lacks, however by and large, the present educational system utilizes these assets to for instance fabricate structures like beautiful school entryways. The administration gets the cash utilized for additional financing from burde ning its residents. It should, in this manner, guarantee that these assets are utilized adequately. Appropriate use of such assets could be guaranteed by the presentation of more changes in the tutoring framework. End Subsidizing requires legitimate administration for it to adequately bring the ideal outcomes. The vast majority of the assets allotted to schools are used in certain zones that are of no much assistance to the capacity of childrens procurement of their instruction. The methodologies and mediations upheld by the extra; subsidizing should affect the exhibition of understudies. This ought to be made straightforward to the guardians and families. The deregulation of charges may lay substantial weights on the understudy which may, thusly, bring about numerous understudies not having the option to get high training. In spite of the administration permitting the topping of the expenses by the advanced education suppliers, it should consider the conceivable negative impacts that may result. The deregulation would energize a more significant level of salary imbalance. For example just those understudies that are wealthy monetarily will have the option to adapt to the new framework. Catalog Burke, L. (2016). Malcolm Turnbulls contorted fixation. [Online] NewsComAu. Accessible at: https://www.news.com.au/fund/work/professions/understudy association delegates caution government-against-climbing up-uni-charges/report/83287d896d0a2a25f9557d84956d22f6 [Accessed 4 Sep. 2016]. Dr. Dow, C. (2016). Change of the advanced education request driven framework (updated) Parliament of Australia. [Online] Aph.gov.au. Accessible at: https://www.aph.gov.au/about_parliament/parliamentary_departments/parliamentary_library/bars/rp/budgetreview201415/higheredu [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Education.gov.au. (2016). Portfolio Budget Statements 2014-15 | Department of Education and Training. [Online] Available at: https://education.gov.au/portfolio-spending plan explanations 2014-15 [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Eggins, H. (2003). Globalization and change in advanced education. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: Society for Research into Higher Education Open University Press. Knott, M. (2015). Turnbull government racks dubious college changes in significant takeoff from Abbott period. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Accessible at: https://www.smh.com.au/bureaucratic legislative issues/political-news/turnbull-government-racks questionable college changes in-major-takeoff from-abbott-time 20150930-gjynlt.html [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Moodie, G. (2016). Advanced education in arrangement loss of motion after Budget 2016 what now? [Online] Theconversation.com. Accessible at: https://theconversation.com/advanced education in-arrangement loss of motion after-financial plan 2016-what-now-58815 [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Turnbull, M. what's more, Birmingham, S. (2016). The quality changes expected to stretch every single Australian understudy beyond. [Online] Liberal Party of Australia. Accessible at: https://www.liberal.org.au/most recent news/2016/05/01/quality-changes required advance every australian-understudy beyond [Accessed 4 Sep. 2016]. Yaxley, L. (2016). Government focused on college financing cuts. [Online] ABC News. Accessible at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-05/government-focused on college financing cuts/7299508 [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016].

A man must constantly exceed his level!

A man must constantly exceed his level! This inspiring story is about Bruce Lee, a legendary martial art master.“Bruce had me up to three miles a day, really at a good pace. We’d run the three miles in twenty-one or twenty-two minutes. Just under eight minutes a mile [Note: when running on his own in 1968, Lee would get his time down to six-and-a half minutes per mile].So this morning he said to me “We’re going to go five.” I said, “Bruce, I can’t go five. I’m a helluva lot older than you are, and I can’t do five.”  He said, “When we get to three, we’ll shift gears and it’s only two more and you’ll do it.” Bruce LeeI said “Okay, hell, I’ll go for it.” So we get to three, we go into the fourth mile and I’m okay for three or four minutes, and then I really begin to give out. I’m tired, my heart’s pounding, I can’t go any more and so I say to him, “Bruce if I run any more,” â€"and we’re still running-” if I run any more I’m liable to have a heart attack and die.”He said , “Then die.” It made me so mad that I went the full five miles.Afterward I went to the shower and then I wanted to talk to him about it. I said, you know, “Why did you say that?”He said, “Because you might as well be dead. Seriously, if you always put limits on what you can do, physical or anything else, it’ll spread over into the rest of your life. It’ll spread into your work, into your morality, into your entire being. There are no limits. There are plateaus, but you must not stay there, you must go beyond them. If it kills you, it kills you. A man must constantly exceed his level.”From The Art of Expressing the Human Body By Bruce Lee, John Little

Great Gatsby Wt2 Essay example - 838 Words

Writing Task 2 on Great Gatsby Question: How and why is a social group represented in a particular way? The Great Gatsby presents different social groups to embody and transmit the idea that each class has it’s own problems to prevail over and unhappiness transcends over all the social classes. The problems in each group, despite the social stratification, reveal the instability of the world they live in. The three classes are old money, new money, and no money in which all three believe their own rules of survival in society and enforce boundaries between social classes. Fitzgerald uses the similarities between the poor and the rich to reinforce his opinion and his characterization of the upper class. The new rich represented by†¦show more content†¦Since they were born into money they do not work and rarely do they ever speak about business instead they entertain themselves with whatever pleases them. The old rich lack the ability to see the essence of others and themselves due to their superficiality and judgmental attitudes. They scorn the new rich because they do n ot have the elegance and subtlety that the old rich possesses. However what the old rich lack is heart. They are inconsiderate people who use their money to replace emotions and avoid the guilt of hurting other people. The Buchanan’s show this when they buy a bigger house far away and purposely miss Gatsby’s funeral. Their money allows them to remove themselves physically and emotionally from the tragedy they just witnessed. Fitzgerald uses the no money class to make a strong statement as well. Nick although he doesn’t have money proves himself to be an honorable man. Almost immediately social discomfort is characterized by the Buchanan marriage however the affairs and actions of the old rich eventually lead to similarities between the wealthy and the poor. George and Myrtle’s interaction with the wealthy serve as a reinforcement for Fitzgerald’s social commentary on the rich. Myrtle is like Tom and she displays the same qualities that he does. She tries to exert a sort of superiority with her husband just as Tom does with people who he considers inferior to him. Myrtle’s actions cause the rich’s behavior to be seen as absurd and ridiculous by the

Definition and Examples of Pejoration in Language

In linguistics, pejoration is the downgrading or depreciation of a words meaning, as when a word with a positive sense develops a negative one. Pejoration is much more common than the opposite process, called amelioration. Here are some examples and observations from other writers: Silly The word silly is a classic example of pejoration, or gradual worsening of meaning. In early Middle English (around 1200), sely (as the word was then spelled) meant happy, blissful, blessed, fortunate, as it did in Old English. . . . The original meaning was followed by a succession of narrower ones, including spiritually blessed, pious, holy, good, innocent, harmless. . . . As the form (and pronunciation) sely changed to silly in the 1500s, the earlier meanings passed into increasingly less favorable senses such as weak, feeble, insignificant. . . . By the late 1500s, the words use declined to its present-day meaning of lacking good sense, empty-headed, senseless, foolish, as in This is the silliest stuff that ever I heard (1595, Shakespeare, A Midsummer Nights Dream). (Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meanings. Random House, 2008) Hierarchy Hierarchy shows a similar, though more pronounced, deterioration. Originally applied to an order or a host of angels from the fourteenth century, it has steadily moved down the scale of being, referring to a collective body of ecclesiastical rulers from c. 1619, from whence the similar secular sense develops c.1643 (in Miltons tract on divorce). . . . Today one frequently hears of the party hierarchy, business hierarchies, and the like, denoting only the top of the hierarchy, not the whole order, and conveying the same nuances of hostility and envy implied in elite.(Geoffrey Hughes, Words in Time: A Social History of the English Vocabulary. Basil Blackwell, 1988) Discreet [U]sing language to spin may worsen the meaning of the substituted language, a process linguists call pejoration. That has happened to the previously innocuous adjective discreet, when used in personal columns as a euphemism for illicit sexual meetings. A recent Wall Street Journal article quoted the customer service manager of an online dating service as saying he banned the use of discreet from his service because its often code for married and looking to fool around. The site is for singles only.(Gertrude Block, Legal Writing Advice: Questions and Answers. William S. Hein, 2004) Attitude Let me give one final example of this kind of semantic corrosion--the word attitude. . . . Originally, attitude was a technical term, meaning position, pose. It shifted to mean mental state, mode of thinking (presumably whatever was implied by someones posture). In colloquial usage, it has since deteriorated. Hes got an attitude means hes got a confronting manner (probably uncooperative, antagonistic); something to be corrected by parents or teachers. Whereas once this would have been rendered Hes got a bad attitude or an attitude problem, the negative sense has now become overwhelming.(Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011)​ Pejoration and Euphemism One specific source of  pejoration is euphemism . . .: in avoiding some taboo word, speakers may use an alternative which in time acquires the meaning of the original and itself falls out of use. Thus, in English, disinformation has replaced lying in some political contexts, where it has recently been joined by being economical with the truth.(April M. S. McMahon, Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 1999) Generalizations About Pejoration Some few generalizations are possible:Words meaning inexpensive have an inherent likelihood to become negative in connotation, often highly negative. Lat. [Latin] vilis at a good price (i.e. inevitably, low price) commonplace trashy, contemptible, low (the current meaning of It. [Italian], Fr. [French], NE. [Modern English] vile).Words for clever, intelligent, capable commonly develop connotations (and eventually denotations of sharp practice, dishonesty, and so on: . . . NE crafty dishonestly clever is from OE craeftig strong(ly)l skillful(ly) (NHG [New High German] krà ¤ftig strong; the ancient sense strong, strength of this family of words fades very early in the history of English, where the usual senses pertain to skill).NE cunning has very negative connotations in present-day English, but in Middle English it meant learned, skillful, expert . . ..(Andrew L. Sihler, Language History: An Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000) Pronunciation: PEDGE-e-RAY-shun Also Known As: deterioration, degeneration EtymologyFrom the Latin, worse

Topic Tourism Free Essays

Essay on topic â€Å"Tourism†. Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of revenue to many countries bit its disadvantages should not be overlooked. What are some of the problems of tourism? Often, people are surprised when they hear that the tourism industry has problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Topic Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indeed, many perceive tourism as a fascinating kind of rest that allows changing of scenery and lifestyle for a while. Whatever it was, tourism has not only advantages, but also disadvantages, such as pollution of the environment, the problems of population and security.The biggest problem of tourism is air and land pollution. In fact, the more people visiting the country, the more debris could be found there. Tourists go on picnics and visit the monuments and landmarks and everywhere leave trash behind them. Also, tourists often use transport: rent cars or use buses. All this transport produces many different toxic substances that pollute the air. The second problem of fast growing tourism is the problem of population. Some cities, which are very popular for tourists, are not big enough for the number of people, who visit them every year. Because of this, there is a problem of placing these people. Hotels are being built for tourists on the places that once used to be forests or parks.. There are crowds on the streets and traffic jams on the roads. The last problem of tourism, which affects this essay, is a security problem. Moreover, this problem concerns both tourists and indigenous people. After all, a tourist is an easy target for fraudsters and thieves as they are in unfamiliar territory and very often do not know the local language. They are very easy to be cheated or robbed. On the other hand, many criminals are among tourists. because they are in this country permanently, and they are very difficult to catch. In conclusion, tourism is very important sector for many countries. But we should not disregard and its shortcomings. And governments should try to find a solution to these problems; otherwise they can inflict great damage to those countries. How to cite Topic Tourism, Papers

Using Technology to Improve Economies

Evaluate the impact of the M-PESA system on a small Kenyan business With the ever changing environment, it is imperative for more research and technologies to be improvised to keep pace with the changes. Mobile technology is one of the areas that have witnessed massive changes with more advancements and innovations coming up.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Using Technology to Improve Economies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most recent technology has been in the money transfer using cell phones commonly referred to as the M-PESA service. The popular mobile telephone technology has played a vital role in stabilizing economies of several countries. Vodafone is a good example of a mobile service provider that has embraced these technologies. M-PESA service system, which is in use in Kenya, has provided drastic impacts or rather positive rewards to the country’s economic climate more so in improvin g the environment and status of the many small Kenyan businesses. Kenya is one of the countries that have a developing economy. Most of its inhabitants are small-scale farmers and mostly depend on agriculture. The M-PESA system has contributed a lot to the success and self sustainability of small-scale business through its faster, affordable money transfer services. Many of the small business people are now able to access money at a faster rate and at less cost. The small businesspeople have no access to banks. It is only but a few people who work in formal sectors who have accounts in banks. The system has gone beyond this and made these business people with little access to these banking facilities get money for development of their business hence influencing the general Kenyan economy positively. Kenya’s good share of population depends on the informal sector with most people running their small businesses like canteens, shops and the Jua-kali sector. The accessibility and affordability of mobile phones has thus contributed to the success of this technology, which has actually received a lot of followers, majority from this informal sector based on its efficiency, effectiveness and flexibility when it comes to money transfer. These businessmen are able to receive money from their families and business partners in different parts with just a press of a button. Therefore, the system has seen them go a milestone in mobile technology more specifically in the areas of money transfer through the M-PESA service.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The system is also secure and simple to use and therefore appropriate for business men in their operations. As a result, the small business people in Kenya have gone for it. The process of completing transactions is not complex as the operator is directed through simple-to-understand steps because the pro cess lacks complexity. It has been well embraced seeing improvements in the status of the businesses of various businesspersons. The system is also secure in terms of safeguarding the money of the clients. For instance, instead of risking carrying around large sums of money, the businessmen have avoided the risk by simply holding the money in the phone, as no body can tell when one has some money in his/her M-PESA account. This also has seen cases of theft and loss of money reduced. Security is also guaranteed as the operator has to carry out the transaction using a secret code known to him/her alone. This service therefore has provided a good environment or businesspeople in Kenya to carryout their business without fear and worries. For instance, the service has played a very important role during the recent election conflicts witnessed in the country, as it enabled the business people’s fraternity to continue their operations. It is therefore a very essential technology tha t has solved many problems that have been witnessed in the former business transactions when such technology was not in place. For instance, it would have been difficult for some of the business transactions or operations to go on due to lack of money, as the parties could not get or send the money to cater for such cases hence the then evident economy crisis and availability of goods and services to customers. The system has also facilitated the sending and exchange of money as well as buying or paying for goods or services bought. For instance, it has made the process of doing business easier, as the system comes in handy while paying bills that are associated with business like electricity and water as well as purchasing products amongst other operations. It has therefore helped to a greater extend small businessmen in Kenya in becoming financially secure. Businessmen and women are able to use the service in running of their business smoothly. Those that reside in villages and co untryside where they have little access to other alternatives of financial providers are able to use their mobile phones in accessing their money, which currently have been linked to their M-PESA accounts.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Using Technology to Improve Economies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The service has been made available to every region of the country with all people old and young accessing it and using it to manage their small businesses hence the evident improvement of the Kenyan economy. This possibility has become a reality, which has seen many small businesspeople become self sustainable further witnessing massive growth of their small enterprises owing to the availability of the M-PESA system of money transfer in Kenya. The system has also led to creation of employment opportunities to many people especially those with low income. These employment opportunities have been generate d inform of the agents who give the services to the various customers. It has therefore aided the spirit of entrepreneurship evident in the country as small business people have identified it as a business opportunity by providing the services to customers who are increasing on daily basis thereby making large profits from the deal. The system has also had positive impact to the small business people in Kenya as it has sparked innovation and creativity in this sector of money transfer using mobile phones. These innovations have stimulated competition, which has ensured the provision of better services as each businessperson wishes to attract the largest number of customers. A working example of these innovations comes in form of the formation of partners with the financial services institutions in providing financial services to businesspeople for instance banks, which have now introduced the M-PESA service. The small business persons with no bank accounts can now feel recognized as they are able to access banking services using the M-PESA service just like those who have bank accounts. This has stimulated the spirit of doing business in Kenya. The M-PESA system in Kenya has also enabled people to carryout their business from any localities in the country due to ease of money transfer. For instance, a small business person staying in Mombasa, which is far south, is able to manage well his/her business in Wajir, which is far north. This has also seen the cost of doing business reduced, as various expenses have been cut out hence allowing the business people to realize high profit margins. For instance, with M-PESA, payments of services and products delivered are not delayed encouraging the businessmen to go on with their business smoothly due to readily available capital. It seems evident based on the milestone the Vodafone Company has done through its services of M-PESA system in Kenya. The service or rather system innovated by Vodafone has impacted positively to the population of Kenya more so the small scale businesspeople.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has contributed a lot to economic growth through this cost effective, simple and secure mode of transferring money. The environment of doing business in Kenya has improved largely. The system has enabled a larger percentage of people to access and transfer money from one place to another. It has therefore assisted in cutting the costs of personal traveling or wasting a lot of time seeking money transfers avenues from traditional financial institutions like banks and Sacco’s. It is actually a milestone and innovation that is worth celebration, which requires a pat on the back. This technology has brought tangible improvements and benefits in the business fraternity in Kenya. This assessment on Using Technology to Improve Economies was written and submitted by user Brady Morton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dave essays

Dave essays Imagine standing on a stage, overlooking 70 tiered rows in what is possibly the most beautiful amphitheater in the world. As Dave Matthews and his fellow band mates walk on stage, the crowd cheers wildly. You are at Red Rocks and the scene is set for the Dave Matthews Band. Red Rocks Amphitheater is located in Morrison, Colorado, 15 miles west of Denver. It provides seating for 9600, and has some of the best acoustics found anywhere on Earth. Since 1941 it has been home to many concerts and performers and is the perfect backdrop for a live performance. Recorded on August 15, 1995, "Live At Red Rocks 8.15.95" was created at the height of the bands musical talent and at the bottom step of their climb to fame. It was shows like this that left fans mesmerized by the funky, jazz-infused riffs that the band played. It is this kind of energetic and intimate live music that keeps the fans coming back. The members of the Dave Matthews Band (or DMB for short) are each very unique, especially i n the instruments that they play. This is what makes the band and its music really work. Dave Matthews provides lead vocals and acoustic guitar, Boyd Tinsley plays the violin, Stefan Lessard is on bass guitar, Leroi Moore blows the woodwinds, and Carter Beauford plays the drums. Matthews is a very talented musician. He provides very unique singing styles and an abstract, awkward ability to play the guitar. Tinsley plays the violin like no other. It is odd to find a band with a violin, but his talent forces it to work. Lessard, who joined the band when he was only 16, provides funky bass lines that fill in the empty spots. Leroi Moore plays flute, saxophone, and clarinet which mixed with modern instruments, create an odd combination of sounds, finally Carter Beauford, known for his excellent improvisational skills and perfect fill-ins, lights up the drums with a talent that few have. These five musicians joined together on the night of August 15,...

Platos Meno Plot, Analysis, and Commentary on virtue

Plato's Meno Plot, Analysis, and Commentary on virtue Although fairly short, Platos dialog Meno is generally regarded as one of his most important and influential works. In a few pages, it ranges over several fundamental philosophical questions, such as: What is virtue?Can it be taught or is it innate?Do we know some things a priori (independent of experience)?What is the difference between really knowing something and merely holding a correct belief about it? The dialog also has some dramatic significance. We see Socrates reduce Meno, who begins by confidently assuming that he knows what virtue is, to a state of confusion–an unpleasant experience presumably common among those who engaged Socrates in debate. We also see Anytus, who will one day be one of the prosecutors responsible for Socrates trial and execution, warn Socrates that he should be careful what he says, especially about his fellow Athenians. The  Meno  can be divided into four main parts: The unsuccessful search for a definition of virtueSocrates proof that some of our knowledge is innateA discussion of whether virtue can be taughtA discussion of why there are no teachers of virtue Part One: The Search for a Definition of Virtue The dialog opens with Meno asking Socrates a seemingly straightforward question: Can virtue be taught? Socrates, typically for him, says he doesnt know since he doesnt know what virtue is, and he hasnt met anyone who does. Meno is astonished at this reply and accepts Socrates invitation to define the term. The Greek word usually translated as virtue is arete, although it might also be translated as excellence.  The concept is closely linked to the idea of something fulfilling its purpose or function. Thus, the arete of a sword would be those qualities that make it a good weapon, for instance: sharpness, strength, balance. The arete of a horse would be qualities such as speed, stamina, and obedience. Menos first definition: Virtue is relative to the sort of person in question. For example, the virtue of a woman is to be good at managing a household and to be submissive to her husband. The virtue of a soldier is to be skilled at fighting and brave in battle. Socrates response: Given the meaning of arete,  Menos answer is quite understandable. But Socrates rejects it. He argues that when Meno points to several things as instances of virtue, there must be something they all have in common, which is why they are all called virtues. A good definition of a concept should identify this common core or essence. Menos second definition: Virtue is the ability to rule men. This may strike a modern reader as rather odd, but the thinking behind it is probably something like this: Virtue is what makes possible the fulfillment of ones purpose. For men, the ultimate purpose is happiness; happiness consists of lots of pleasure; pleasure is the satisfaction of desire; and the key to satisfying ones desires is to wield power- in other words, to rule over men. This sort of reasoning would have been associated with the sophists. Socrates response: The ability to rule men is only good if the rule is just.  But justice is only one of the virtues.  So Meno has defined the general concept of virtue by identifying it with one specific kind of virtue. Socrates then clarifies what he wants with an analogy.  The concept of shape cant be defined by describing squares, circles or triangles.  Shape is what all these figures share.  A general definition would be something like this: shape is that which is bounded by color. Menos third definition: Virtue is the desire to have and the ability to acquire fine and beautiful things. Socrates response: Everyone desires what they think is good (an idea one encounters in many of Platos dialogues). So if people differ in virtue, as they do, this must be because they differ in their ability to acquire the fine things they consider good.  But acquiring these things–satisfying ones desires–can be done in a good way or a bad way.  Meno concedes that this ability is only a virtue if it is exercised in a good way–in other words, virtuously.  So once again, Meno has built into his  definition the very notion hes trying to define. Part Two: Is Some of Our Knowledge Innate? Meno declares himself utterly confused:   O Socrates, I used to be told, before I knew you, that  you were always doubting yourself and making others doubt; and now you  are casting your spells over me, and I am simply getting bewitched and  enchanted, and am at my wits end. And if I may venture to make a jest  upon you, you seem to me both in your appearance and in your power over  others to be very like the flat torpedo fish, who torpifies those who come  near him and touch him, as you have now torpified me, I think. For my soul  and my tongue are really torpid, and I do not know how to answer you. Menos description of how he feels gives us some idea of the effect Socrates must have had on many people. The Greek term for the situation he finds himself in is aporia, which is often translated as impasse but also denotes perplexity.  He then presents Socrates with a famous paradox. Menos paradox: Either we know something or we dont.  If we know it, we dont need to inquire any further.  But if we dont know it if we cant inquire since we dont know what were looking for and wont recognize it if we found it. Socrates dismisses Menos paradox as a debaters trick,  but he nevertheless responds to the challenge, and his response is both surprising and sophisticated.  He appeals to the testimony of priests and priestesses who say that the soul is immortal, entering and leaving one body after another, that in the process it acquires a comprehensive knowledge of all there is to know, and that what we call learning is actually just a process of recollecting what we already know. This is a doctrine that Plato may have learned from the Pythagoreans. The slave boy demonstration:  Meno asks Socrates if he can prove that all learning is recollection. Socrates responds by calling over a slave boy, who he establishes has had no mathematical training, and setting him a geometry problem.  Drawing a square in the dirt, Socrates asks the boy how to double the area of the square.  The boys first guess is that one should double the length of the squares sides.  Socrates shows that this is incorrect.  The slave boy tries again, this time suggesting that one increase the length of the sides by 50 percent.  He is shown that this is also wrong.  The boy then declares himself to be at a loss.  Socrates points out that the boys situation now is similar to that of Meno.  They both believed they knew something; they now realize their belief was mistaken; but this new awareness of their own ignorance, this feeling of perplexity, is, in fact, an improvement. Socrates then proceeds to guide the boy to the right answer: you double the area of a square by using its diagonal as the basis for the larger square. He claims at the end to have demonstrated that the boy in some sense already had this knowledge within himself: all that was needed was someone to stir it up and make recollection easier.   Many readers will be skeptical of this claim. Socrates certainly seems to ask the boy leading questions. But many philosophers have found something impressive about the passage.  Most dont consider it a proof of the theory of reincarnation, and even Socrates concedes that this theory is highly speculative. But many have seen it as a convincing proof that human beings have some a priori knowledge (information that is self-evident).  The boy may not be able to reach the correct conclusion unaided, but he is able to recognize the truth of the conclusion and the validity of the steps that lead him to it.  He isnt simply repeating something he has been taught. Socrates doesnt insist that his claims about reincarnation are certain.  But he does argue that the demonstration supports his fervent belief that we will live better lives if we believe that knowledge is worth pursuing as opposed to lazily assuming that there is no point in trying. Part Three: Can Virtue Be Taught? Meno asks Socrates to return to their original question: Can virtue be taught?  Socrates reluctantly agrees and constructs the following argument: Virtue is something beneficial; its a  good thing to haveAll good things are only good if they are accompanied by knowledge or wisdom (for example, courage is good in a wise person, but in a fool, it is mere recklessness)Therefore virtue is a kind of knowledgeTherefore virtue can be taught The argument is not especially convincing.  The fact that all good things, in order to be beneficial, must be accompanied by wisdom doesnt really show that this wisdom is the same thing as virtue.  The idea that virtue is a kind of knowledge, however, does seem to have been a central tenet of Platos moral philosophy.  Ultimately, the knowledge in question is the knowledge of what truly is in ones best long-term interests. Anyone who knows this will be virtuous since they know that living a good life is the surest path to happiness.  And anyone who fails to be virtuous reveals that they dont understand this.  Hence the flip side of virtue is knowledge is all wrongdoing is ignorance, a claim that Plato spells out and seeks to justify in dialogues  such as the Gorgias.   Part Four: Why Are There No Teachers of Virtue? Meno is content to conclude that virtue can be taught, but Socrates, to Menos surprise, turns on his own argument and starts criticizing it.  His objection is simple.  If virtue could be taught there would be teachers of virtue.  But there arent any.  Therefore it cant be teachable after all. There follows an exchange with Anytus, who has joined the conversation, that is charged with dramatic irony.  In response to Socrates wondering, rather tongue-in-cheek query whether sophists might not be teachers of virtue, Anytus contemptuously dismisses the sophists as people who, far from teaching virtue, corrupt those who listen to them. Asked who could teach virtue, Anytus suggests that any Athenian gentleman should be able to do this by passing on what they have learned from preceding generations.  Socrates is unconvinced.  He points out that great Athenians like Pericles, Themistocles, and Aristides were all good men, and they managed to teach their sons specific skills like horse riding, or music.  But they didnt teach their sons to be as virtuous as themselves, which they surely would have done if they had been able to. Anytus leaves, ominously warning Socrates that he is too ready to speak ill of people and that he should take care in expressing such views.  After he leaves Socrates confronts the paradox that he now finds himself with: on the one hand, virtue is teachable since it is a kind of knowledge; on the other hand, there are no teachers of virtue. He resolves it by distinguishing between real knowledge and correct opinion.   Most of the time in practical life, we get by perfectly well if we simply have correct beliefs about something. For example,  if you want to grow tomatoes and you correctly believe that planting them on the south side of the garden will produce a good crop, then if you do this youll get the outcome youre aiming at. But to really be able to teach someone how to grow tomatoes, you need more than a bit of practical experience and a few rules of thumb; you need a genuine knowledge of horticulture, which includes an understanding of soils, climate, hydration, germination, and so on. The good men who fail to teach their sons virtue are like practical gardeners without theoretical knowledge. They do well enough themselves most of the time, but their opinions are not always reliable, and they arent equipped to teach others. How do these good men acquire virtue?  Socrates suggests it is a gift from the gods, similar to the gift of poetic inspiration enjoyed by those who are able to write poetry but are unable to explain how they do it. The Significance of the  Meno The  Meno  offers a fine illustration of Socrates argumentative methods and his search for definitions of moral concepts.  Like many of Platos early dialogues, it ends rather inconclusively.  Virtue hasnt been defined.  It has been identified with a kind of knowledge or wisdom, but exactly what this knowledge consists in hasnt been specified.  It seems it can be taught, at least in principle, but there are no teachers of virtue since no one has an adequate theoretical understanding of its essential nature.  Socrates implicitly includes himself among those who cannot teach virtue since he candidly admits at the outset that he doesnt know how to define it.   Framed by all this uncertainty, however, is the episode with the slave boy where Socrates asserts the doctrine of reincarnation and demonstrates the existence of innate knowledge.  Here he seems more confident about the truth of his claims.  It is likely that these ideas about reincarnation and inborn knowledge represent the views of Plato rather than Socrates.  They figure again in other dialogues, notably the Phaedo.  This passage is one of the most celebrated in the history of philosophy and is the starting point for many subsequent debates about the nature and the possibility of a priori knowledge. An Ominous Subtext While the content of Meno is a classic in its form and metaphysical function, it also has an underlying and ominous subtext. Plato wrote Meno about 385 BCE, placing the events about 402 BCE, when Socrates was 67 years old, and about three years before he was executed for corrupting Athenian youth. Meno was a young man who was described in historical records as treacherous, eager for wealth and supremely self-confident. In the dialogue, Meno believes he is virtuous because he has given several discourses about it in the past: and Socrates proves that he cant know whether hes virtuous or not because he doesnt know what virtue is. Anytus was the main prosecutor in the court case that led to Socratess death. In Meno, Anytus threatens Socrates, I think that you are too ready to speak evil of men: and, if you will take my advice, I would recommend you to be careful. Anytus is missing the point, but nevertheless, Socrates is, in fact, shoving this particular Athenian youth off his self-confident pedestal, which would definitely be construed in Anytuss eyes as a corrupting influence. Resources and Further Reading Bluck, R. S. Platos Meno. Phronesis 6.2 (1961): 94–101. Print.Hoerber, Robert G. Platos Meno. Phronesis 5.2 (1960): 78–102. Print.Klein, Jacob. A Commentary on Platos Meno. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989.Kraut, Richard. Plato. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2017. Web.Plato. Meno. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, Dover, 2019.Silverman, Allan. Platos Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2014. Web.Tejera, V. History and Rhetoric in Platos Meno, or on the Difficulties of Communicating Human Excellence. Philosophy Rhetoric 11.1 (1978): 19–42. Print.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau - The Origins and Effects of Inequality Essay

Jean-Jacques Rousseau - The Origins and Effects of Inequality - Essay Example The Dedication to the Republic of Geneva summarized the essence of Rousseau's views in the following statement: "If I had had to make choice of the place of my birth, I should have preferred a society which had an extent proportionate to the limits of the human faculties; in which every person is equal to his occupations, no one should be obliged to commit to others the functions with which he was entrusted; a State, in which all the individuals being well known to one another, and in which the pleasant custom of seeing and knowing one another should make the love of country rather a love of the citizens than of its soil"(Rousseau, 1993, pp.32-33). The Republic of Geneva was perfectly lining with Rousseau's understanding of an ideal state: a moderate democracy occupying an adequate territory, governed mostly by the laws based on traditions with citizens living relatively plain and calm life. The main paradox emphasized by Rousseau is the following: people prescribe laws to other people without proper knowledge about the natural state of human being. However, this natural law did not exist in contemporary European society that "offered a corrupt form of the species and the inequality inherent in its societies should not be taken as a standard for assessing either other cultures or other species" (Moran, 1993, p.140). For Rousseau who believed that human character was "deeply shaped by society" (Divine, 2000, p.291) it seemed impossible to unveil the true nature of humans in the European context where people had been squeezed by unfair laws and customs for centuries. The philosopher argued that the true measure of a man that would not depend upon contemporary laws and customs could be found only in 'natural' places such as African jungles. Rousseau drew strong parallels between the natural state of human beings and the state of animals. Human beings began as animals having no potent mean of communication such as language, and could not convey much of their knowledge and experience to their offspring, lacked foresight and history. These seemingly disadvantageous features gave the natural men one essential benefit: they did not suffer from the fear of death while contemporary humans feared death virtually every moment of their life (Rousseau, 1993, p.52). Rousseau positioned the natural man "at equal distances from the stupidity of brutes and the fatal enlightenment of civil man" (Rousseau, 1993, p.53). For Rousseau the fatality of enlightenment or civilization meant that it deprived man of the natural desire to exploit the potential of his body to full extent making it an instrument in achieving the balance with nature: "The body of a savage man being the only instrument he understands, he uses it for various purposes, of which ours, for want of practice, are incapable: for our industry deprives us of that force and agility" (Rousseau, 1993, p.53). Civilization brought the understanding that cooperation and mutual help would improve the results of labour, and in the process of such cooperation humans came to realize that some men were better hunters, some were better thinkers, some were stronger, etc. The understanding of inequalities between human beings was, in Rousseau’s opinion, the crucial point: â€Å"†¦from the moment one man began to stand in need of the help of another; from the moment it appeared advantageous to any one man to have enough provisions for two, equality disappeared, property was introduced, work became indispensable, and vast forests became smiling fields, which man had to water with the sweat of his brow, and where slavery and misery were soon seen to germinate and grow up with the crops† (Rousseau, 1993, p.74).     

China mitigating the impact of carbon dioxide Essay

China mitigating the impact of carbon dioxide - Essay Example Contrary to numerous states that have alleged both China and US are ignorant of numerous policies that global agencies have instituted to shun climate degradation, it has however tried to implement varied national policies. For instance, China this year revealed its intentions of reducing the CO2 emission levels stated in 2005 by approximately 60-65%. This coupled with other numerous advancements devised and proposed by Chinese government; experts have contended the country seems now to be on the right track towards curbing its excessive CO2 release. However, despite these advancements and proposals by Chinese government, the extent of CO2 emissions from the numerous sprouting industries by the day is still high, which makes the country appear as if is it is not doing enough. One of the policies implemented and currently, in place includes the vehicle exercise taxation. This policy normally compels those owning automobiles with big engines to be parting with a significant amount of t axation that commensurate with the extent of CO2 release. Hence, discouraging people from opting to own vehicles like SUV whose impact through pollution is quite high compared to small engine cars. These laws are extremely stringent compared to those in US but the challenge emerges with double release not only from the automobiles but also from industries. Hence, prompting other global states claim Chinese government does not exhibit the necessary willingness towards curbing this menace, which has ensued to political issues.

Accountable Professional Practitioner

Accountable Professional Practitioner Advanced Profession Practice This essay will address the issue of becoming an accountable professional practitioner. I will discuss the issues around accountable professional practice as I see them and explore what these mean for my nursing practice, I will then conclude with the main points I have raised and implications for my future practice. Just what is an Accountable Professional Practitioner? Perhaps it would be best to examine what accountability means within the healthcare setting. The NMC Code (2008) states that â€Å"you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your decisions.† Although this definition is useful it lacks a certain clarity of by what is meant by the term accountability as it gives a general overview without being specific, Savage and Moore (2004) go on to argue this that lack of clarity can lead to indistinctive views that confuse those working in the health care field and it is this lack of precision that can lead to nurses professional conduct being called into question (NMC 2002). Perhaps for the professional practitioner what is useful is to examine what makes you accountable rather than what is accountable, by this I mean how you become an accountable professional practioner, what are the prerequisites required for this. One could argue that perhaps this all begins with critical thinking and reflection, Brittner and Gravlin (2009) argue that critical thinking is essential in todays nursing practice and can assist in making essential choices about patient care and clinical emergencies (St.Cyr All 2009, Toofany 2008, Cirocco 2007). Being a recently qualified nurse this isnt always an easy task to do, because I often lack the skills and knowledge that would allow me to make complex decisions, this is not unusual though as St.Cyr All (2009) highlighted that newly qualified nurses can lack some critical thinking skills for patient care, a useful tool that I have discovered that can enable me to develop my critical thinking abilities are mind maps, as these can increase my knowledge and understanding of a situation by linking concepts, themes and ideas (Toofany 2008) and can assist me in discovering a deeper understanding of the issues and indentify learning needs and positive behaviours to aid my development (St.Cyr and All 2009). To this end I do use mind maps as a way of linking theory and knowledge to gain a better overview of the patient or the clinical situation, it highlights my gaps in knowledge or indeed raises my awareness of what I already know. To move this a stage further by then applying these critical thinking skills to reflection I can begin to critically reflect on my practice. By becoming a critical reflector I am aiding my self-awareness (Horton-Deutsch Sherwood 2008) and developing a deeper understanding of the issues relating to patient care, my own actions and the reasons I choose them (Cirocco 2007, Redmond 2004) challenging my own actions (Forneris Peden-McAlpine 2009) and highlighting any learning needs I may wish to follow up on to aid my development as an accountable practioner by linking theory into practice (Rolfe Gardner 2006, Rolfe et al 2001). The best example of this I can give to date was when I was involved in a clinical emergency with a patient just after a couple of months of qualification, who despite every attempt made died very suddenly, I was left with lots of confusion, anger and upset over the incident and more importantly with the question of could I have done more? Through a process of critical reflection both written then verbally with my mentor I realised that we could have done nothing more, that I acted in a very professional manner throughout the incident and afterwards with the support I offered the family and colleagues, but I needed to go through that process in order to make sense of the situation and highlight possible learning objectives for me including developing coping strategies that would enable me to cope with a sudden death. When a situation very similar occurred again a few months ago I was able to take a more active role and recover from it much quicker knowing I did all that I could to hel p the patient and supporting the family and some colleagues after the incident. Benner (1984) states that this type of actions are that of an advanced beginner working towards becoming a competent nurse whereby by being involved in similar experiences I was able to make sense of a meaningful situation. By beginning to recognise patterns of behaviours and events I am beginning to develop my expertise through increasing my experiential learning knowledge (Benner 1984, Rolfe et al 2001). It is by making meaningful sense of these experiences though a process of critical reflection that have aided and will continue to improve my decision-making skills and self-awareness (Horton-Deutsch Sherwood 2008, Avis Freshwater 2006). It also empowers me to continue to participate in continuing education maintaining and developing professional competences (Griffitts 2002) by identifying learning needs through gaps in my knowledge. In becoming an accountable professional practioner this process of reflection can be a quality standard whereby I take responsibility for my own performance and deliver best quality care (Johns 2004). This links into clinical governance whereby I have to ensure I am prepared to accept accountability and consequences for any decision-making judgements that comes with any new role development (Cronin Rawlings-Anderson 2004). Through the system of clinical governance I can monitor through self-evaluation and feedback the quality of care and service I offer to my patients, families and colleagues ensuring that it is both effective and safe (NHS QIS 2005, Pickering Thompson 2004). There is also the issue of autonomy and accountability. This for me has been to date the biggest struggle in becoming an accountable professional, autonomy can be demonstrated through patient care by using the processes of critical thinking, reflection and your existing knowledge base (Keys 2009) however this can become frustrating when you take on autonomous responsibility but are limited by circumstances and sometimes colleagues to utilise your training and experience (Laperriere 2008). As a mature student who came into nursing as a second career I find myself often perturbed by colleagues who often quote that I am a newly qualified member of staff and it will take time to develop skills especially around issues of patient and family communication without knowing my background. It has be shown that newly qualified mature nurses can use previous life experiences to aid in a problem solving approach (Stuttard 2008) and as many of the skills I have developed over the years are transfe rrable, I would argue that by having these transferrable skills I can offer a wider range of skills and flexibility to my nursing experiences (Shirey 2009) that can aid my self-awareness and autonomy (Postler-Slattery Foley 2003). One of my ways of coping with these frustrations is to develop resilience. By becoming resilient to the negativity or challenges I receive I am able to motivate myself, Roth et al (2007) show that motivation within an autonomous concept and the actual experience of autonomy are essential for self-development and well-being, by using this autonomous motivation I can use it to aid my self-awareness of critical thinking and reflection (Leipold Greve 2009). This is a view supported by Darbyshire Fleming (2007) who state that those who practise autonomy are encouraged to be critical thinkers and self-directed in their learning. Of course within the concept of autonomy comes the acceptance of being responsible and being aware of your own limitations, at all times autonomous practice must be practiced safely with the care of the patients at the forefront it is not a weakness to say I cannot do this or participate in a skill that I know very little about (Richards Edwards 2003) it instead highlights how much I value patient care and respect for those I work with . Autonomy means ownership (Lyon 1990) and by claiming ownership of my practice it could be argued I increase patient safety and increase the quality of care I give my patients (Weston 2008) as well as developing my critical thinking, knowledge and accountability (Atkins 2006). With the above in mind I find myself asking the question of what else can support me in developing into an accountable professional practitioner? Certainly the processes of reflection and critical thinking can help but what I personally find of great use is to utilise the support systems I have around me, I certainly acknowledge how fortunate I am with having the amount of support systems in place to support me compared with some of my fellow colleagues as a result of the Early Clinical Career Fellowship. Currently I have three main formal systems in place a mentor, clinical coach and participation in action learning sets, these systems although very different from each other all have one thing in common and that is to aid my development, in addition to these systems I also have the informal support of my peers and management. My mentor can assist me in adapting to my new environment and offer the support from their own experiences to enable my learning, they are motivated to support and encourage me (Wagner Seymour 2007) to develop and try out new skills with support until I am confident enough to undertake these on my own, in addition to this they provide me with feedback on my progress and can suggest alternatives ways of working, they act as my role model and teacher (Morton-Cooper Palmer 2000). They can also provide me with a safe place to take sensitive issues and challenge my views (May 2003) Participation in action learning sets allows me to be supported and challenged by a group of my peers, it allows me to critically reflect and explore issues to a deeper level to aid my understanding and development and apply any new knowledge I have learned to practice, it can increase my motivation to learn and encourage my critical thinking into linking theory into practice. (Haan Ridder 2006, Rayner et al 2002) In addition to the above I also have my clinical coach. This is a very experienced nurse who can support, mentor, guide and coach me. She provides a higher degree of challenging to my practice encouraging my critical thinking and reflective skills and as she is detached from my clinical area is able to offer observations and questioning of my actions from a neutral perspective (Titchen 2003, Wright Titchen 2003). This all encourages and challenges me into becoming an accountable professional practitioner. In conclusion this essay has raised several points about leads you to become accountable rather than what is accountable. It is a complex dynamic composing of not one element but several that all interconnect almost as if it were a jigsaw puzzle. No one element is more important that the other as they are all necessary to help me in my development as an accountable professional practitioner. As my knowledge, understanding and experiences as a nurse increases so too will my accountability, this in itself will provide new challenges as I prepare myself for these new responsibilities and self-development What is clear for me and has been highlighted as a result of undertaking the essay is how my practice of an accountable professional practitioner can be used as a quality standard of care and measuring tool to ensure that my practice is safe and effective for all of those I work with and as ORourke (2006) states that this standard of care can only be improved on based on my understandin g of roles, autonomy and accountability and that can only be understood once I develop my critical thinking, reflective skills and using my support systems that have been put in place for me. I believe that throughout my career as a nurse even as I work towards becoming an expert nurse (Benner 1984), I will always be working towards becoming an Accountable Professional Practitioner as I will always be critically reflective, learning new skills, developing my autonomous practice and requiring support so to that end I dont think I will ever be a fully accountable professional practitioner but I am accountable for the skills, knowledge and responsibility and level I am at. This brings a strange feeling of comfort rather than fear as I believe this will ensure nursing continues to evolve and develop and I will be there in the midst of it all.

Laizzez faire

Corporations are creatures of the State and therefore must be watched closely by the citizenry to their repetitions to disrupt the Smithson spontaneous order. These axioms constitute the basic elements of laissez-fairer thought, although another basic antidote-disregarded element Is that markets should be competitive, a rule that the early advocates buffaloes-faller have always emphasized Liberal Government introduce social welfare reforms in the early twentieth century In the late 19th century the British government practiced the principle of laissez- fairer.Laissez fairer means the business market are free from tariffs, government subsidies and enforced monopolies [2]. Under the principle of Laissez fairer, government only provides simple maintenance of law and order, protect property rights against theft and aggression with regulations [3]. Individuals were responsible for their own decisions, to protect and improve their own lives and welfare. [l] After the general election in 19 06, the Liberal welfare reform was introduced between 1906 to 1914, changing the attitude and policies towards the poverty.The liberal reforms for children are, free school meals, school medical inspections, Children ‘s charter act and school clinic. The old age pensions act, labor exchange for the unemployed and national insurance for workers were also carried out eventually within this period of time. [l] The attitude towards the working class shifted from individuality to a more aggregate way . The Liberal reforms changed the economy, politic and social circumstances[l] ,and lead Britain to a more well structuralizes and strong country.The reasons of the reforms were, changes in attitude, the Boer War, social reform, political changes and the fear of being overtaken. [4] The Ideology of Laissez fairer had assumed how a society should work , free trade, redeem of making a decision in the late 19th century before the liberal social reforms being introduce. The role of governm ent was to make sure and guarantee the freedom of the citizens and market. They provided military forces to regulate the property rights and exchange between parties. 4] The principle Idea Is to allow citizens from greatest possible freedom. The central idea of this ideology was based on self-help, government was not responsible for the poverty and hardship for their citizens[l] Instead the citizens†¦ How does Social Darwinism reinforce Laissez-fairer? 1 OFF f good breeding you will not succeed, if you are, you will. Well, much like pre- destination, if you already know what is going to happen, what's the point of being good, improving yourself, etc. In that case, let the good times roll! Answer Usually the point is put differently.Social Darwinist oppose welfare (and if really extreme, even charity) on the grounds that it allegedly interferes with the functioning of the ‘laws of natural selection' and the ‘survival of the fittest'; they argue that any system other than laissez fairer will result in the unfit (who, they say, should simply perish) Redding like rabbits and so forth. In other words, they fall back on laissez fairer as a system that they are willing to accept. Some very extreme Social Darwinist would prefer to accelerate natural selection by artificial means as happened under the Nazis.Jounce Answer to break this down, the strongest will survive in free trade (this is the easy way to say it). If you have an unstable economy and no central gobo. You will fail and will not be able to participate in free-trade (Laissez-fair) Characteristics of Laissez-fairer related to social welfare 1 . Leadership Style Characteristics Emphasis on Performance Low emphasis on performance. Emphasis on People Low emphasis on people. DEAD RESHIP STYLE 2. Leadership Philosophy Assumptions about people People are unpredictable and trying to understand them is a waste of time.Assumptions about the role of a leader Keep a low profile, be obedient, and don't make waves. 3. Management Skills Planning and Setting Objectives Plans and establishes objectives only if required to do so. Organizing Lives with whatever structure he is given. Controlling Abdicates controlling to employees. Decision Making Motivating Leaves people alone. Nothing seems to work anyway. Communicating Communication is non-committal, superficial, and avoided. Developing Leaves development up to employees. If people want to develop themselves, that is their business.Use of Reward and Punishment Avoids rewarding or punishing people. Approach to Handling Conflicts Ignores conflicts and hopes they will disappear. Approach to Handling Problems and Mistakes Ignores problems and mistakes unless forced to deal with them. Interpersonal Relationships with Employees Avoids close relationships and lets employees do pretty much as they please. Use of Power and Authority Power and authority are abdicated to whomever wants to assume them. Delegation Practices Responsibilities are a ssumed by default rather than through delegation.Benefits of Laissez-fairer Leadership Laissez-fairer leaders allow followers to have complete freedom to make discountenancing the completion of their work. The laissez-fairer leader using guided freedom provides the followers with all indiscriminateness to accomplish their goals, but does not directly participate in decision meaningfulness the followers request their assistance. Laissez-fairer leadership instills a higher sense of responsibility among team embers. This form of leadership exposes team members to tough business situations, helping them gain more experience and grow faster. Rearwards larger picture. This form of leadership can boost the commitment of team members to achieve the desegregated. Drawbacks of Laissez-fairer Leadership Laissez-fairer leadership may be the best or the worst of leadership styles. If the leader follows temporally understood definition and standard practice of noninterference and â€Å"hands-off ' wonderfully leading his or her followers, the worst form of leadership is manifested. However,when the twenty-first century ropey prepares his or her followers, laissez-fairer lithographer's as the ultimate form of leading.If team members do not have adequate experience or the required skills, the achievement targets may be at great risk. Important decisions that need to be taken at short notice can go horribly wrong. If people are not self-driven and disciplined, laissez-fairer leadership can lead to a great dealer inefficiency. The team may become prone to repeating mistakes and may fail to get out of problems eyeteeth encounter during a project. Team members may get off track and may not prioritize correctly.Scenarios Where Laissez-fairer Leadership can Work This is an effective style to use when: The prerequisite for laissez-fairer leadership is having a strong leader, with a proven trajectory of success. Followers are highly skilled, experienced, and educated. Followers are a ble to analyze the situation. Followers have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own. Outside experts, such as staff specialists or consultants are being used. Followers are trustworthy and experienced. When close monitoring of a decision is not needed.Conclusions In this project we studied about laissez-fairer leadership in detail. Almost all the components affiliates-fairer leaderships has been discussed briefly. We can conclude from this study that Tallahassee-fairer leadership can be productive as well as destructive because everything depends phone situation of the crisis or condition. In those cases where subordinates are sophisticated, skillfulness experienced this style emerges with great innovative future perspective. Whereas in commences where subordinates are novice, denominated and with poor morale this Tyler causes greatcoats destroying the whole organization and leadership.Laissez- fairer should not be misstatement the empowerment of the em ployees in some organizations it could be true but it really deposition the behavior of leadership whether he is showing inactivity for the sake of his aloofness endlessness or he is trying to provide innovative environment to his skilled employee. Although theater numerous research studies on the topic to prove which leadership is best but we are not certainty but the best leadership style occurs which matches the situation

The Ottoman Sultans Were Not Very Turkish

The Ottoman Empire ruled over what is now Turkey and a large portion of the eastern Mediterranean world from 1299 until 1923. The rulers, or sultans, of the Ottoman Empire had their paternal roots in Oghuz Turks of Central Asia, also known as the Turkmen.   The History of Concubine Mothers However, most of the sultans mothers were concubines from the royal harem — and most of the concubines were from non-Turkic, usually non-Muslim parts of the empire. Much like the boys in the Janissary corps, most concubines in the Ottoman Empire were technically members of the slave class. The Quran forbids the enslavement of fellow Muslims, so the concubines were from Christian or Jewish families in Greece or the Caucasus, or were prisoners of war from further afield. Some residents of the harem were official wives, as well, who might be noblewomen from Christian nations, married to the sultan as part of diplomatic negotiations. Although many of the mothers were slaves, they could amass incredible political power if one of their sons became the sultan. As valide sultan, or Mother Sultan, a concubine often served as de facto ruler in the name of her young or incompetent son. Ottoman Royal Genealogy The Ottoman royal genealogy begins with Osman I (r. 1299 - 1326), both of whose parents were Turks. The next sultan likewise was 100% Turkic, but beginning with the third sultan, Murad I, the sultans mothers (or valide sultan) were not of Central Asian origins. Murad I (r. 1362 - 1389) was 50% Turkish.  Bayezid Is mother was Greek, so he was 25% Turkish.   The fifth sultans mother was Oghuz, so he was 62.5% Turkish. Continuing in the fashion, Suleiman the Magnificent, the tenth sultan, had about 24% Turkish blood.   According to our calculations, by the time we get to the 36th and final sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed VI (r. 1918 - 1922), the Oghuz blood was so diluted that he was only about 0.195% Turkic. All of those generations of mothers from Greece, Poland, Venice, Russia, France, and beyond really drowned out the sultans genetic roots on the steppes of Central Asia. List of Ottoman Sultans and their Mothers Ethnicities Osman I, TurkishOrhan, TurkishMurad I, GreekBayezid I, GreekMehmed I, TurkishMurad II, TurkishMehmed II, TurkishBayezid II, TurkishSelim I, GreekSuleiman I, GreekSelim II, PolishMurad III, Italian (Venetian)Mehmed III, Italian (Venetian)Ahmed I, GreekMustafa I, AbkhazianOsman II, Greek or Serbian (?)Murad IV, GreekIbrahim, GreekMehmed IV, UkrainianSuleiman II, SerbianAhmed II, PolishMustafa II, GreekAhmed III, GreekMahmud I, GreekOsman III, SerbianMustafa III, FrenchAbdulhamid I, HungarianSelim III, GeorgianMustafa IV, BulgarianMahmud II, GeorgianAbdulmecid I, Georgian or Russian (?)Abdulaziz I, RomanianMurad V, GeorgianAbdulhamid II, Armenian or Russian (?)Mehmed V, AlbanianMehmed VI, Georgian

The Differences Between Science And Science - 848 Words

Carey explains science to be genuine as well as having the use of rigorous testing of ideas using the scientific method to get results, this is usually done through an investigation (2012, p. 123). Pseudoscience is any type of method or theories, such as astrology, that is considered to not have a scientific basis (2015). Pseudoscience doesn’t follow the scientific method like science does. It sticks with evidence that is found instead of figuring out if it is acclaimed in the natural world. Majority of this essay of course will come from Carey’s book, since it gives a better way to summarize the differences between these two subjects. Pseudoscience and science do have their difference which will be explained, but they seem to also have a similarity, which is claiming to a valid idea of nature. This is probably the only similarity because both science and pseudoscience claim to be valid until proven false (Astronomy, 2015). Most of the differences between science and pseudoscience Carey states that in science, ideas don’t gain respectability till they have been tested through experiments (2012, p. 123). While pseudoscience doesn’t go through tests, but has enough evidence to provide an â€Å"accurate† statement, for instance pseudoscience looks at astrological horoscopes as a way to say how the stars and planets line up, but with science this would be inaccurate (Astronomy, 2015). For science, there has to be a hypothesis, tests, and then the results, which againShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Christian Science And Science1160 Words   |  5 PagesSimilarities and Differences There are quite a few differences between Christian Science and Scientology. For instance, Christian Science started in 1879. It was founded by a poor woman named Mary Baker Eddy who became rich from her new founded religion. Scientology was founded in 1953. Unlike Christian Science, Scientology is an independent religion. 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